In countries governed by a mixed secular-religious legal system, such as Lebanon and Israel, locally performed civil marriage does not exist within the country, which prevents interfaith and various other marriages that contradict religious laws from being entered into in the country however, civil marriages performed abroad may be recognized by the state even if they conflict with religious laws. Conversely, civil marriage does not exist in some countries governed by a religious legal system, such as Saudi Arabia, where marriages contracted abroad might not be recognized if they were contracted contrary to Saudi interpretations of Islamic religious law. Some countries do not recognize locally performed religious marriage on its own, and require a separate civil marriage for official purposes. Civil marriage recognizes and creates the rights and obligations intrinsic to matrimony in the eyes of the state.
When a marriage is performed and carried out by a government institution in accordance with the marriage laws of the jurisdiction, without religious content, it is a civil marriage. Religious marriage is known variously as sacramental marriage in Catholicism, nikah in Islam, nissuin in Judaism, and various other names in other faith traditions, each with their own constraints as to what constitutes, and who can enter into, a valid religious marriage. Religious marriage recognizes and creates the rights and obligations intrinsic to matrimony in the eyes of that religion. When a marriage is performed by a religious institution, it is a religious marriage. It usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce or adopt. Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, a religious authority, a tribal group, a local community, or peers. Controversies continue regarding the legal status of married women, leniency towards violence within marriage, customs such as dowry and bride price, forced marriage, marriageable age, and criminalization of premarital and extramarital sex. Around the world, primarily in developed democracies, there has been a general trend towards ensuring equal rights for women within marriage (including abolishing coverture, liberalizing divorce laws, and reforming reproductive and sexual rights) and legally recognizing the marriages of interfaith, interracial, and same-sex couples. Marriage has historically restricted the rights of women, who are sometimes considered the property of the husband. In other areas such practices are outlawed to preserve women's rights or children's rights (both female and male) or as a result of international law. In some areas of the world arranged marriage, child marriage, polygamy, and forced marriage, are practiced. Whom they marry may be influenced by gender, socially determined rules of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire. Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual, and religious purposes. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity.
Typically, it is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged or sanctioned. It is considered a cultural universal, but the definition of marriage varies between cultures and religions, and over time. Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally recognised union between people, called spouses, that establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws.
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